In 1853, Jan Zeh and Ignacy Łukasiewicz, the two pharmacists, invented the world’s first kerosene (petroleum) lamp at the Under the Gold Star pharmacy. What is so special about a kerosene lamp, one might think? In fact, in the 19th century, it started a new era for humanity. Researchers tried to extract alcohol from petroleum but unexpectedly invented the most rational method of petroleum cracking. At that time, one lamp could replace ten candles. The same 1853, the world’s first surgical operation in the light of a kerosene lamp was performed in a hospital of Piarist monks; the hospital then purchased half a ton of petroleum, which is considered to be the world’s first petroleum deal, and in 1858, the first gas street lighting in Ukraine was introduced in Lviv. Petroleum has been known in Galicia since the 13th century, and in the early 20th century, more than two million tons of petroleum per year was extracted on a small territory of the present Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblasts; this was the third largest petroleum-production area in the world after the United States and Russia. One hardly ever mentions the fact now that in 1951, the Dashava–Kiev–Bryansk–Moscow gas pipeline was launched, thus by the middle of the 1960s, Galicia actually provided the whole European territory of Russia, the Baltic republics, Belarus, and even Poland and Czechoslovakia with natural gas.